SUBJECT
Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun,
pronoun or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is
the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with
the action.
For example:
* He is a really nice guy.
* "He" is the subject of the sentence,
controlling the verb and the complement.
* My dog attacked the burglar.
* "My dog" is the subject, controlling the
verb and the rest of the sentence.
* David plays the piano
* The subject "David" performs the action of
"playing the piano".
* The police interviewed all the witnesses.
* The subject the police performs the action of interviewing
all the witnesses.
To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate
the verb and then make a question by placing "who?" or
"what?" before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see that the
remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We refer to
this string as the "predicate" of the sentence.
For example:
* Who plays the piano?
=> "David" ( = Subject)
=> "plays the piano" ( = predicate) tells
us what David does.
* Who interviewed all the witnesses?
=> "The police" (= Subject)
=> "interviewed all the witnesses" ( =
predicate) tell us what the police did.
Subjects can either be "simple",
"compound" or "complex"
*Simple Subject
Composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase.
*Complex Subject
A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any
words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.
For example:
* The man who had followed us inside walked over to
the telephone.
=> central noun: man
=> complex subject: the man who had followed us
inside
* The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the
wealthy audience.
=> central noun: performance
=> complex subject: the superior performance of La
Traviata
Compound Subject
A compound subject consists of two or more noun
phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating
conjunction.
For example:
* The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
=> The compound subject here is the whole phrase,
"the man and the woman."
* Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor
the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.
=> Again, the whole phrase, "neither the
superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at
intermission," is the subject. The phrase answers the question, "What
pleased the wealthy audience?"
VERBS
Definition: Verbs are a class of words used to show
the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession
(have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what
something or someone does.
For example:
* Paul rides a bicycle.
* Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action
which Paul performs - the action of riding a bicycle.
* We buy some books to learn English verbs.
* In this example, the action word is "to
buy". It tells us that the subject "we", that is the person who
performs the action of the verb is "buying some books".
The verb tense shows the time of the action or state.
Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to
show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows
the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an
order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the
subject.
Most statements in speech and writing have a main
verb. These verbs are expressed in "tenses" which place everything in
a point in time.
Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they
are used. There are two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person
and for tense.
Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All
conjugations start with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For
example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed
by adding ing to the bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take,
depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form and the past
participle.
The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events
take place.
For example, the verb kiss:
Present Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple: kissed
Future Simple: will kiss
Present Perfect: has/have kissed
Past Perfect: had kissed
Future Perfect: will have kissed
Present Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have
been kissing
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been
kissing
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have
been kissing
Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes
form, depending on whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person
subject. This gives three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting
as the subject of the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he
begins. Note that only the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In English, we distinguish between regular and
irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those ones which form their past simple and
past participle just by adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The
rest are irregular.
Examples:
* Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
* In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip
bulbs.
* She travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.
COMPLEMENT
A complement is
the part of a Sentence that comes after the VERB and is needed to make the
sentence complete. The following are the most important types of complement
used in English:
1.
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Eg: He’s a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula
Verb.
b. OBJECT COMPLEMEN
Eg: She sent him the fax. (The setence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
c. ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They’ll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further,
they’ll be happy to see us, etc..)
d. PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The setence is completed by the Phrase linked to
the verb by the Preposition.)
Eg: He’s a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula
Verb.
b. OBJECT COMPLEMEN
Eg: She sent him the fax. (The setence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
c. ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They’ll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further,
they’ll be happy to see us, etc..)
d. PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The setence is completed by the Phrase linked to
the verb by the Preposition.)
MODIFIER
tells the time, place
or manner of the action. Very often it’s a prepositional phrase. Prepotional
phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note :
A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
Example : John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note :
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a prepositional phrase, usually can’t separate the verb and the complement.
Example : She drove the car on the street
(verb) (complement)
Note :
A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
Example : John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note :
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a prepositional phrase, usually can’t separate the verb and the complement.
Example : She drove the car on the street
(verb) (complement)
EXAMPLE :
1.
George
is cooking dinner
tonight
Subject
Verb Phrase Complement Modifier of Time
2.
Henry and
Marcia have visited the president
Subject
Verb Phrase
Complement
3.
We can
eat lunch in
this restaurant today
Subject
Verb Complement Modifier
of Place Modifier of Time
4.
Pat should
have
bought gasoline yesterday
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement Modifier
of Time
5.
Tress grow
Subject
Verb
6.
It
was raining at seven
o’clock this morning
Subject
Verb Phrase Modifier of Time
7.
She opened a
checking account at the
bank last
week
Subject
Verb Complement Modifier
of Place Modifier of Time
8.
Harry is
washing dishes right
now
Subject
Verb Phrase Complement Modifier of
Time
9.
She opened her
book
Subject
Verb Complement
10. Paul, William and Mary were
watching television a
few minutes ago
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement Modifier
of Time
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